g shi ne ɓangaren basira gama-gari a ayyukan tunani
Sanin kalmomi, lissafi, gano ƙa'ida a siffofi da ƙwaƙwalwa ayyuka ne da ke buƙatar abubuwa daban-daban. Duk da haka, idan aka kwatanta sakamakon mutane da yawa, mutanen da suka samu maki masu yawa a wani aiki sukan samu maki masu yawa a wasu ayyukan ma. Wannan ɓangaren da yake bayyana a ayyukan tunani daban-daban shi ne g, wato ɓangaren basira gama-gari da ake kira general intelligence factor.
Ana kiran yanayin da maki na ayyuka daban-daban suke da alaƙa mai ƙima sama da sifili gaba ɗaya da suna positive manifold. Tun lokacin da Spearman ya gabatar da ra'ayin wannan ɓangaren gama-gari a bincikensa na 1904, g ya zama muhimmin ra'ayi wajen bayyana sakamakon gwajin basira gaba ɗaya.
Yadda ake ƙiyasta g daga alaƙar maki
g ba maki ba ne da ake aunawa kai tsaye ta amsa tambaya ɗaya. Abu ne da ake ƙiyastawa daga alaƙar maki bayan an tattara sakamakon ayyuka da yawa, kamar sanin kalmomi, gano mafita, ƙwaƙwalwa da sauri.
A nazarin faktoci, ana raba ɓangaren da maki na ayyuka da yawa suke hawa ko sauka tare, da ɓangaren da ya kebanta da kowane aiki. Gwajin kalmomi yana amfani da sanin harshe, gwajin neman alamomi kuma yana amfani da saurin nemo abin da aka gani. Ana amfani da g don bayyana ɓangaren bambancin maki da ya shafi ayyuka da yawa tare.
An tabbatar da positive manifold a al'adu da gwaje-gwaje daban-daban. Ana ci gaba da tattauna ko iyawa guda ɗaya ta gama-gari ce ke haifar da wannan alaƙa, ko hulɗar iyawa da yawa, ko amfani da hanyoyin tunani iri ɗaya a gwaje-gwaje daban-daban.
Bambancin g, IQ da FSIQ
| Kalma | Abin da take wakilta |
|---|---|
| g | Ɓangaren basira gama-gari da ba a auna kai tsaye ba, amma ake ƙiyastawa daga alaƙar sakamakon ayyukan tunani da yawa |
| IQ | Daidaitaccen maki da ke nuna matsayin sakamakon gwajin basira a cikin rukunin mutane masu shekaru iri ɗaya |
| FSIQ | IQ na cikakken gwaji, da aka haɗa daga muhimman ƙananan gwaje-gwaje da yawa |
FSIQ yana haɗa ƙananan gwaje-gwaje masu nau'o'in tambayoyi daban-daban, don haka yana nuna g sosai. Amma FSIQ maki ne da ake samu daga tsarin gwajin da hanyar sauya ɗanyen maki zuwa daidaitaccen maki; g kuwa abu ne da ake ƙiyastawa don bayyana alaƙar waɗannan maki. An bayyana yadda ake lissafin FSIQ da ma'anarsa dalla-dalla a mene ne FSIQ?
Ƙarfin alaƙa da g yana nuna yadda gwaji yake haɗuwa da g
Ƙarfin alaƙa da g, wato g loading, ƙima ce da ke nuna yadda sakamakon wani ƙaramin gwaji yake da alaƙa da g. A tsarin nazari mai sauƙi da ke amfani da faktor guda ɗaya, idan g loading ya kasance .70, murabba'insa shi ne .49. Wannan yana nufin cewa g yana bayyana kashi 49% na bambancin maki.
A nazarin WAIS-IV, gwaje-gwaje kamar Arithmetic da Vocabulary sun nuna alaƙa da g mai ɗan ƙarfi, yayin da gwaje-gwajen saurin sarrafa bayanai suka nuna alaƙa mafi rauni. g loading yana nuna yadda gwajin yake wakiltar ɓangaren basira gama-gari, maimakon wahalar tambayoyinsa. Ko a ƙaramin gwaji ɗaya, ƙimar tana canzawa da rukunin mutanen da ake gwadawa, sauran gwaje-gwajen da aka haɗa da shi, da tsarin ƙididdigar da aka yi amfani da shi.
Gwajin IQ yana haɗa ayyuka masu nau'o'i daban-daban don ya auna matakin basira gama-gari, ba tare da dogaro da sanin wani abu ɗaya ko wani tsarin tambayoyi kaɗai ba.
g yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da karatu da horo
g yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi musamman da koyon sabon abu da iya amfani da shi. A haɗaɗɗen nazarin sakamakon karatu da haɗaɗɗen nazarin horon sana'a da sakamakon aiki, ƙarfin alaƙar ya bambanta bisa nau'in sakamakon da aka auna.
| Sakamako | Alaƙa bayan gyaran ƙididdiga |
|---|---|
| Sakamakon karatu | .54 |
| Horon sana'a | .35–.49 |
| Sakamakon aiki a bayanan zamani | .18–.22 |
g yana hasashen nasarar koyo a karatu da horo da kyau, amma alaƙarsa da sakamakon aiki a bayanan zamani ba ta kai ƙarfin da ake tsammani a baya ba. Sabbin bayanan aiki kuma ba su goyi bayan tsohon bayanin cewa hasashen g yana ƙara ƙarfi yayin da aikin yake ƙara sarƙaƙiya ba. An bayyana alaƙar matakin da IQ yake nunawa da sakamakon rayuwa dalla-dalla a amfanin auna IQ.
g da manyan fannonin iyawa na CHC suna wakiltar matakai daban-daban
Ka'idar CHC tana tsara basira zuwa iyawa ta gama-gari, manyan fannonin iyawa da takamaiman ƙwarewa. A tsarin Carroll da ake yawan amfani da shi a yau, g yana mataki mafi girma, sannan Gc, Gf, Gv, Gwm, Gs da sauran manyan fannonin iyawa suna ƙasansa. Ka'idar Horn, wadda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin tushen CHC, ba ta sanya g guda ɗaya a mataki mafi girma ba.
g yana wakiltar matakin basira gama-gari, yayin da manyan fannonin iyawa suke nuna nau'in ayyukan da mutum yake amfani da ƙarfinsa a cikinsu. Saboda haka, mutane masu kusan IQ iri ɗaya na iya bambanta a haɗin fahimtar harshe, gano mafita, sarrafa bayanan gani da sarari, ƙwaƙwalwar aiki da saurin sarrafa bayanai. An bayyana yadda haɗin iyawa yake da alaƙa da takamaiman yanayi a mene ne bayanin iyawar tunani?
Braintype IQ yana nuna IQ gaba ɗaya da bayanin iyawa biyar daga gwaje-gwaje tara.